As the primary author of the Cultus Dispatches column, I will confess that I love the months I get to write columns for the Fandom Voices project, in part because there is really not a lot of writing involved. Fandom Voices is a sub-project of Cultus Dispatches that poses an open-ended question or two and invites Tolkien fans to share their perspectives and experiences. When the time comes to collect responses, I copy and paste the responses into a document, color-code them based on subtopic, and then string those responses (written by people who aren't me) together with a few words of my own. It makes for a easy simple column.

The responses for the "Defining Canon" Fandom Voices? Were anything but simple. There were more of them than usual, and the responses were much deeper than usual, but that wasn't the issue. The complexity around the topic is what made this topic not only challenging but illuminating to write about.

It shouldn't have come as a surprise. In the early years of online Tolkien fandom, debates over canon escalated into flame wars. Today, they have (mostly) simmered down into a more reasoned, intellectual discussion of the many ways different people turn the same vast set of contradictory facts into an understanding of the legendarium.

In the end, I decided to break the column into two parts. This first part will look at the many considerations fans bear in mind when defining canon. Next month, I'll share responses, with some light analysis, around how fans use Tolkien's canon to make fanworks. (Note that all of the responses are available now with the first part of the article.) This also means that if you missed getting your response entered before the article, it's not too late to get something in for the second part. (Response forms never close, and I will update the response collections as new responses come in, but this is the first time I've been able to extend the offer to be included in the article. The "Defining Canon" response form is here. Let's break even more records with this one.)

You can read the first part of "Fandom Voices: Defining Canon and Using Canon in Fanworks" here.

The History of Middle-earth and other texts related to how Christopher Tolkien constructed The Silmarillion out of his father's unpublished drafts can seem both a blessing and a curse to the fanworks creator. On the one hand, they give us so much raw material for our works. On the other, they muddle the water considerably where "canon" is concerned.

Fanworks creators have different views on which of these posthumous, draft, and previously unpublished works count as canon and which do not. Many, however, reject the earliest concepts when they were replaced later by different ideas (which often went on to become that "canon" that is the published Silmarillion). This isn't shocking. Tolkien's earliest writings on the legendarium date to the 1910s, when he was still in his 20s. The Book of Lost Tales, especially, seems at odds with the Silmarillion we know, in terms of plot, character, and style. Tolkien himself appears to have agreed. When he recommenced work on the first phases of what, decades later, would be published as The Silmarillion, he stripped almost all of his Lost Tales work away and began again with something termed, literally, "The Sketch of the Mythology." (Though many of these ideas would end up rejected too.) From there, decades of successive revisions, many letters, and much noodling about brought about the various materials that Christopher Tolkien used in putting together the published Silmarillion.

This month, however, we are embracing those early rejects like they were never cast ignobly out of the legendarium. Prompts for our challenge this month, called Rejects, are just what they sound like: rejected concepts from Tolkien's pre-LotR work on the legendarium. These were the days when the Silmarils had yet to achieve central status, Victorian fairy-story and the medieval Northern mythos somehow coexited, and Tolkien hadn't yet abandoned his "mythology for England" (do not laugh!) We're asking creators to pretend like their assigned event did transpire as it did in the early works and explore any aspect of the legendarium with that revised canon in mind.

If you'd like a Rejects prompt, you can reply to this email, and we'll send one along.

Also: The schedule for the Second Age Book Club hosted on our Discord server on April 29-30 has also been posted. (If you need a Discord invite, reply to this email!) And this is the last call for responses on the Fandom Voices project on defining canon, if you want your response included in the article. (Incoming responses will be added to the collection forevermore ... or as close to it as we mortals can achieve.)

April's character of the month, Salmar, is a deep character, which may seem a strange description of someone mentioned just once in the published Silmarillion. Yes, you have to go deep into the history of the legendarium to find him. Once there, you will find he was one of the many gods of the deeps (i.e., the sea ... just go with me here), where his character was a kind of everyman, doing everything from playing his violin to godding up the sea to mentoring the recalcitrant Noldor to riding off to battle with his twin brother. He was, to paraphrase Bilbo, stretched too thin, like too few fish in too big a pond. Maybe this is why Tolkien mostly got rid of him, leaving him as the artificer of the Ulumúri, a character who mostly functions to provide the sense of historical depth that Tolkien aimed to create in the legendarium.

Yet, he didn't disappear entirely. Much like the Norse giant Ymir, whose body was broken apart by the gods of Asgard and used to make the world, elements of Salmar's story resurface in other characters' tales.

Most of you reading this are probably creatives yourself, much like Tolkien. Salmar is interesting too in what he illustrates of the creative process: initially a central character in the pantheon but reduced to not much more than a footnote in the published text. Without the History of Middle-earth books, most of us would have no chance to realize that Salmar existed much beyond that very limited role. But we have this glimpse of the creative process and how deep sometimes a single name on the page can go to the one who created it.

You can read the biography of Salmar-Noldorin here.

Also make sure to note that sign ups are open if you want to have one of your stories discussed at our Second Age fanfiction book club, which will be held on our Discord server 29 and 30 April 2023. If you're not a member of our Discord and want to be, just reply to this email, and we'll send along an invite.

In 2007, the SWG newsletter quietly began including a section called Around the World and Web for announcements from groups other than the SWG. Part of our mission had always been "connectivity," which for us meant helping out other sites, groups, and events trying to get the word out about the cool things they were doing.

For many years, Around the World and Web was published monthly (as was our newsletter) and compiled by hand by our moderator Elleth. Elleth had a list of sites she'd check every month, then write up a "blurb" for each link or event. Sometimes the other mods would pop something in there too. It was a time-consuming task for Elleth and far from perfect (we definitely had the situation, more than once, where an event was announced after the newsletter was posted and had concluded before the next newsletter), but it did let us get the word out as best we could and, hopefully, generated some interest in other fandom groups and events.

When we rebuilt the site (which will be open for two years on April 6!), we discussed the fate of Around the World and Web. We decided to keep it and automate it, as the new site allowed us to do.

I mention Around the World and Web this month because, in recent weeks, it has been an extremely busy part of our site as we enter the time of the year when many Tolkien-related events run. If you're wondering how to get your (or anyone's!) event included, any SWG member can be given permission to post in Around the World and Web as a scout. If that seems too much, you can send your announcement to the mods. We also crosspost most everything that gets posted to the #signal-boost channel on our Discord and try to watch out for announcements on Tumblr too.

If you're looking for a challenge or appreciation week or swap or event to nudge your muses, check it out! Scroll down to see the current announcements in this newsletter, or find it on our site under the News menu.

That the words canon and cannon are homophones doesn't seem entirely a coincidence. I doubt I am the only person reading this who finds that idioms like "cannon warfare" and "loose cannon" could just as easily drop the second n and apply to Tolkien fandom. While canon is sometimes a delight—inspiring deep discussions and thoughtful fanworks, serving as the shared ideal around which communities and friendships form—it has also provoked its share of conflicts across the decades of the Tolkien fandom's history.

Over the next several months, our Cultus Dispatches column on Tolkien fandom history and culture will consider the concept of canon: how fans define it, use it, and build communities and friendships around it.

First, if you've thought about how to define canon, we are collecting responses to that question for the next iteration of our Fandom Voices project. Fandom Voices is part of Cultus Dispatches and exists as a means for Tolkien fans to share their experiences, views, and memories on questions related to the fandom. If you'd like to share your views on how to define canon, you can do so here. All Tolkien fans are welcome to participate, not just fanworks creators and readers/viewers (though there is a special section on fanworks and canon).

Next, this month's Cultus column is about canon and authority. Who gets to say what is canon and what is not? Using Tolkien Fanfiction Survey from the 2020 survey, this month's article spotlights three groups of fanwriters: those who disregard Tolkien's authority, those who embrace Peter Jackson's, and those who write based on The Silmarillion but not the films. The similarities and differences between these three groups of authors reveal how complex the question of canon and authority can be. You can read "Who Gets to Say? Canon and Authority" here.

Finally, if you know of a creator or a group with an interesting approach to the canon, or if you have a fandom-related memory related to canon, hit reply and let us know!

You can't have Tolkien or Tolkien fandom without art. Tolkien himself was an artist and cared deeply about the art chosen to accompany his books. This isn't surprising: Middle-earth practically begs for its otherworldly landscapes to be translated from the imagination to the page, and some of the first fanworks were artwork based on Tolkien's writings. In the decades since, Tolkien fan art has inspired the aesthetics of the films, which brought millions of new fans into the visual canon of Tolkien's world. Other fan artists have brought The Silmarillion and other works to life, and in recent years, Tolkien fan art has been used to elevate marginalized characters, populating Middle-earth with people of all genders and skin colors. In other words, Tolkien fan art isn't just transformative but often formative, driving how we see the people and places of the legendarium.

With that not-insignificant role in mind, we are excited to introduce a new column to our newsletter rotation: Tolkien Fanartics, helmed by our brilliant art editor Anérea. For the inaugural article, Anérea had a chance to chat with ArlenianChronicles (Cassandra) about her luminous, emotionally wrenching work, her creative process, and how she became an artist. If you've been in the #silmarillion tag on Tumblr, you know Cassandra's work, which brings to life some of the most emotionally complex scenes and relationships in the legendarium. If you're not familiar with Cassandra's work, Anérea showcases more than a dozen of Cassandra's pieces, along with the interview. You can find the interview with ArlenianChronicles here.

Like most of our newsletter columns, Tolkien Fanartics is open to contributions from guest writers, and if you know of an artist (yourself or someone else!) that we should feature, contact Anérea to share your ideas.

Note too that we've begun a new challenge in the past week: Middle-earth Is Multitudes, which seeks to include more diverse characters in fanworks. While the challenge is set up with two daily prompts (that don't have to be used together) for people who enjoy this type of format, you can also use the challenge as a prompt menu and pick and choose and mix and match however suits you.

If you think of the world of fanworks like a feature film, the fanworks creators are the names that splash across the screen before the film begins. They work hard to produce the beautiful art, stories, and other fanworks that keep us coming back (some of us for decades!) to the Tolkien fandom, and they deservedly get the red-carpet treatment. But they are not the only contributors to the project. When most people are filing from the theaters and the usher has begun sweeping away the spilled popcorn before the next showing, other contributors' names file swiftly across the screen, mostly unread but no less essential to the success of the project.

Betas are among the behind-the-scenes fan laborers, and we want to honor them this week. Whether untwisting your most bedeviled prose, acting as a sounding board when developing plot and character, or helping you catch which witch is which (and countless other ways that betas make our fanworks shine), betas are an essential part of the creative process for many writers and other creators.

New fan creators often wonder where they can find a beta. What is the secret handshake that gets you access to this seemingly magical human who genies your work into perfection? On the SWG, we have a beta directory that can help put creators in touch with other SWG members who are willing to help them improve their work. If you're on our Discord, we offer the #beta-finder channel (in the Notice Board section), which is especially invaluable when it's 8PM and your exchange fic is due at midnight and you desperately need someone to make sure you're not about to make a fool of yourself. (If you're not on our Discord and want to be, just reply to this email and we'll send you an invite. All are welcome!)

If you're an SWG member and want to sign up as a beta, you can do so from your user account by clicking the Beta Profile tab at the top. From here, you can go on hiatus with a single click if you are unavailable and want to be removed from the list without deleting your profile.

And to all of you who have beta'ed in the past: we see you and thank you! 💙

"Maglor," polutropos begins in this month's character biography, "is a character of contradictions, conflicts, and mystery. It is no wonder that this second son of Fëanor has captured the imagination of so many readers of The Silmarillion."

This is, if anything, an understatement. With 736 fanworks about him, Maglor is the second most written-about character on the SWG, exceeded only by Maedhros (with 804 fanworks). What accounts for this popularity? He's not the only musician (Daeron) or warrior (Fingolfin). He's certainly not the only tragic figure (Túrin fills an actual book).

In this month's biography, polutropos peels away the many layers that make Maglor such an intriguing character. As she notes, he is full of contradictions: one of the Noldor's consummate poets and most fearsome warriors, joining a kinslaying to only moments later take pity upon its orphans. But it's not just Maglor's character arc that makes him so intriguing to Silmarillion fans. As polutropos also illustrates, he contributes to some of the most important themes in the early legendarium: music, exile, and oaths. He is also the rare character where we receive glimpses of his inner life, showing the emotional impact of his rollercoaster life.

Beneath all of this is a textual history at least as complicated as Maglor himself. Undaunted, polutropos unfolds the evolution of Maglor's character across decades, from his first mention (and immediate demise) in the Lost Tales to his tangled history alongside Maedhros, where they frequently traded roles as the merciful and repentant.

You can read polutropos' biography of Maglor here.

I remember when Rhapsody, our late and beloved moderator and a femslash fan before it was cool to be one, was the first person to request femslash in a prominent Tolkien slash exchange. It was a big deal, not because of opposition to her request, but because ... it had just never been done. Those years of slash as a prominent (if controversial) genre, and no one had requested a F/F pairing in this exchange. Femslash truly was a genre non grata: technically permitted but just not really done.

In the past several months' Cultus Dispatches columns, we've looked at how the Tolkien fandom has typically handled writing fanfiction about women. While there are multiple events encouraging fanworks about women and such fanworks are no longer rare (as I write this, half of the fanworks on the Most Recent page include women as major characters), it wasn't always this way. Writing about women was discouraged, and writing slash was discouraged too. Caught in the crosshairs of these proscriptions, femslash didn't stand much of a chance.

Thankfully, this is changing too. This month's Cultus Dispatches column looks at Tolkien Fanfiction Survey data about femslash: interest in writing it, interest in reading it, and who is creating femslash fanworks. The article continues the overall pattern of this series about writing about women: the situation still ain't great, but it's getting better. While it is still in many ways the fandom's genre non grata, growing reader interest in particular suggests it may yet take its place along slash, het, and genfic.

You can read the article Femslash Is a Political Act (and Other Observations of Tolkien Fandom's Genre Non Grata) here.

The Second Age is lately on our minds. I feel it in the water, I feel it in the earth, and I smell it in the—

Sorry. Wrong Tolkien adaptation. The Second Age, though, is indeed experiencing something of a renaissance. Though it was a pivotal era that loomed large as an all-consuming tsunami in Tolkien's mind, it has always played third or fourth fiddle in the Tolkien fandom behind LotR, the First Age and earlier, and even The Hobbit. For many years, here on the SWG, we celebrated the annual Akallabêth in August, just to wave our arms around and remind everyone that The Silmarillion didn't stop at the First Age. No matter your feelings on the Amazon Rings of Power show, at the least it has drawn the Second Age more into the forefront of the fandom's imagination.

It is timely, then, that editor Brian Sibley has compiled the volume The Fall of Númenor, a new compilation of nearly all of Tolkien's writings about the Second Age in one handy place. This month, one of our finest Second Age creators, Lyra, has reviewed this volume, concluding that, despite the lack of new material, Sibley's herculean effort in bringing Tolkien's Second Age writings together into one volume is worth adding another book to your shelf. You can read Lyra's "Review of The Fall of Númenor" here.

We also started a new challenge this week, in honor of (or in disdain of) Valentine's Day. Cheesy Corn Chips features corny pop-culture prompts that are just like junk food: not exactly edifying, sometimes embarrassing to admit you like, but oddly irresistible. And if schmaltz and corn aren't your thing, keep scrolling because Around the World and Web includes a veritable buffet of Tolkien-related events in the months to come.